It's now a lot harder to change your Steam store country and take advantage of cheaper game prices in different regions.
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A recent change by Valve, clocked by SteamDB, now requires you to first make a purchase using a payment method from the country whose store you're using.
This closes the loophole where you could use a VPN to fool Steam into thinking you lived somewhere else - somewhere, say, a particular game might be priced a little cheaper.
This has long been against Valve's terms and conditions, and risks a ban - but people did it anyway.
Valve has recently made changing your store country more strict, which requires completing a purchase using a payment method from that country.
This should hinder the ability of using VPNs to buy games cheaper. pic.twitter.com/IozwoO6gsi
The issue recently hit the headlines when Horizon Zero Dawn launched on Steam and users flocked to buy it cheap from the Argentinian store. This caused the game's local price to then be dramatically increased to match its US dollar price to stop bargain hunters taking advantage, VG247 reported, disadvantaging locals in the process.
If you did move countries or are living abroad for an extended period, you'll now need to get a payment method from that country and make a purchase using it to switch your Steam store location. If you can't do this, you'll need to take your case to Steam support.
Knowing the Cost of Steam: How do you calculate your fully loaded MMBtu Costs?
For steam-using plants and facilities, calculating steam costs, like calculating steam pipe heat loss, is an important step towards revealing energy and cost savings opportunities.
Loaded vs. Unloaded Cost of Steam
The cost of steam production throughout the course of various projects is twofold: loaded and unloaded cost. The unloaded cost takes into account only the cost of fuel necessary to produce steam with consideration towards total steam used. Loaded cost, however, combines each and every cost associated with steam production.
Steam Prices Db
Rough Estimated Steam Costs
The below formula has been used by some[i] as a rough estimate of total steam cost:
Total Steam Cost ($/MMBtu) = Fuel Cost ($/MMBtu) x 130%
Calculating Unloaded Steam Costs
For boilers, we’ve found this boiler steam cost calculator (Internet Explorer compatible only). Accessible.
Alternatively, unloaded steam costs are calculated in the manner specified below:
SC = (aF* (Hg_ hf) ) / (1,000 • ηB)[ii]
Where:
SC = steam cost, unloaded
aF = fuel cost in $/Million Metric British Thermal Units (MMBtu)
Hg = enthalpy of steam, in Btu/lb.
hf = enthalpy of boiler feedwater in Btu/lb.
ηB = true boiler efficiency (per ASME PTC 4.1 method)
1,000 = cost measured in units of 1,000 lbs. per hour
In this simplified calculation method, the formula assumes that one boiler is being used, one fuel and a single steam pressure.
True Boiler Efficiency (ηB)
The ηB figure representing boiler efficiency comprises these aspects, along with their subcategories:
- fuel moisture content
- combustion air temperature
- radiation losses
- flue gas losses
- blowdown losses
Given that one boiler is used here, only one boiler efficiency is taken into account.
Calculating the Enthalpy of boiler feedwater (hf)
Anydesk view full screen. Condensate Return may be incorporated into the calculation in conjunction with feedwater to present a clearer idea of cost, as the amount of condensate returned greatly impacts steam cost.
hf = % (GR) + %(LP) + %(MP) + %(HP) + %(MW)
Several Condensate Return Systems are used, and are categorized thusly:
- GR: Gravity or atmospheric — condensate returned at or close to 0 psig
- LP: Low pressure — condensate returned from 1 to 15 psig
- MP: Medium pressure — condensate returned from 16 to 99 psig
- HP: High pressure — condensate returned at 100+ psig
- MW: Make-up water — water added to steam to compensate for condensate which is not returned to boiler
Necessary to adjusting the Unloaded Cost calculation is to also change the enthalpy of boiler feedwater. Calculate it in the following manner, using whichever condensate information applies in your case. If only a few of the above systems are used, leave the other percentages at 0.
Apply this new information to the original formula of SC = (aF* (Hg_ hf) ) / 1,000 • ηB to achieve the Unloaded Steam Cost (SC).
Calculating Loaded Steam Costs
As indicated, Loaded Cost of Steam incorporates additional several factors. The following costs make up the total:
- Unloaded Cost of Steam
- Electrical power
- Chemical
- Water and sewer
- Emission payments
- Labor (management, operations, and maintenance)
- Waste disposal
- Maintenance
- New projects
The Loaded Cost, or true cost of steam, is the sum of the above items. Sixth: the essential questionmr. macs virtual existence. The cost may at times be one and a half to two times the cost as compared to the Unloaded Cost.
Steam System Definitions
Million Metric British Thermal Units (MMBtu): A Btu is how much heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of liquid water by 1 °F. MMBtu’s measure one million BTUs.
Enthalpy: The total heat content of a system. Internal energy + Pressure x Volume.
Fuel Moisture Content: Amount of moisture (water) in a fuel, which affects how readily it will burn. Usually shown as a percentage of the oven-dry weight of fuel.
Radiation Losses: A number that describes the amount of heat lost from a boiler to the air through conduction, radiation and convection.
Flue Gas Losses: This gas is produced when combustion occurs in the flue. It is lost, however, due to: high gas temperature, unfinished combustion, lack of air supply, moisture or a high rate of combustion.
Blowdown Losses: When water is removed from a boiler, it is called the “blowdown.” Blowdown is removed to maintain the levels of suspended and dissolved solids and to remove sludge. This is typically shown as a percentage.
Feedwater: Water added to a boiler while it’s in use. This combines both make-up and return condensate.
Make-up Water: Water added to a boiler feed to “make up” for water lost due to blowdown, leaks, etc.
Steam Prices Over Time
Return Condensate: When steam transfers heat, it turns into a liquid called condensate. Condensate returned to the boiler can save energy by requiring less make-up water.
Steam Cost Resources
[i]http://www.erc.uic.edu/iof/docs/Steam/IL_IOF_Steam_Presentation.ppt
[ii]http://www.swagelok.com/Chicago/Services/Energy-Services/~/media/Distributor%20Media/C-G/Chicago/Services/ES%20-%20Knowing%20Cost%20of%20Steam_BP_31.ashx
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/industry/bnch_cost.pdf
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/tech_deployment/pdfs/tech_brief_true_cost.pdf